Europe continues to show divided views on dual citizenship, with some countries easing restrictions while others maintain strict controls.
Although nations such as Germany, Norway and Poland have softened their positions in recent years, several European countries still restrict or tightly regulate multiple citizenships, allowing them only under specific or exceptional conditions.
For migrants, investors, and internationally mobile individuals, awareness of these rules is crucial, given the travel, residency and legal rights that come with European nationality.
Below is a list of 12 European countries where dual citizenship is restricted or generally prohibited, alongside brief explanations of their policies.
Andorra
Andorra does not recognise dual citizenship. Anyone acquiring Andorran nationality must renounce any previous citizenship, while Andorran nationals who voluntarily obtain another nationality risk losing their status.
Estonia
Estonia does not permit dual citizenship for naturalised citizens. Children may hold multiple citizenships at birth, but are required to choose one nationality upon reaching adulthood.
Monaco
Monaco prohibits dual citizenship. Applicants for Monegasque nationality must give up their former citizenship, and citizens who later acquire another nationality may forfeit their Monegasque status.
San Marino
San Marino generally disallows dual citizenship. Individuals applying for citizenship are expected to renounce their existing nationality, except in limited situations such as citizenship acquired by birth.
Austria
Austria usually does not allow dual citizenship, except for individuals who acquire multiple nationalities at birth or in rare cases where dual citizenship is granted for reasons deemed to be in Austria’s national interest.
Bosnia And Herzegovina
Dual citizenship is permitted only with countries that have signed bilateral agreements with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such agreements currently exist with nations including Croatia, Serbia and Sweden.
Croatia
Croatia allows dual citizenship under specific circumstances, such as citizenship by descent or where it serves the national interest. However, naturalised citizens may still face limitations depending on their situation.
Lithuania
Lithuania generally restricts dual citizenship. Exceptions apply to individuals who acquired multiple nationalities at birth, those exiled before 1990 and their descendants, as well as other narrowly defined cases under the law.
Netherlands
The Netherlands permits dual citizenship only under certain conditions, including when renouncing the original nationality is impossible, when the individual is married to a Dutch citizen, or when renunciation would cause significant hardship.
Slovakia
Slovakia allows dual citizenship through birth, descent or marriage. However, citizens who voluntarily acquire another nationality without long-term residence abroad may lose their Slovak citizenship.
Slovenia
Dual citizenship is allowed under specific circumstances. Individuals who acquire Slovenian citizenship by birth or descent may retain multiple nationalities, while naturalised citizens are generally required to renounce their former citizenship unless an exemption is granted.
Spain
Spain usually requires naturalised citizens to renounce their previous nationality. Exceptions apply to individuals from countries with close historical or cultural ties to Spain, including most Latin American nations, Andorra, Equatorial Guinea, the Philippines and Portugal.
Despite increasing flexibility across parts of Europe, these countries continue to enforce restrictions, reflecting ongoing concerns about national identity, legal responsibilities and immigration control.
